Agro-ecological Alternatives for Fall Armyworm Management in Maize: A Review

Maize, scientifically known as Zea mays, stands as one of humanity's most vital and versatile crop, with a rich history dating back thousands of years. Its journey from a wild grass to a staple food crop reflects its adaptability and resilience in various climates and soil conditions worldwide. But, the infestation of fall armyworm (FAW) in maize represents a significant agricultural challenge globally, including India. Its expansion to India was initially discovered in maize fields at the College of Agriculture in Shivamogga, Karnataka, in 2018. Fall Army Worm (FAW) is regarded a major maize pest due to its ravenous feeding habits and crop damage. Originating from the Americas, the fall armyworm has spread rapidly across continents, facilitated by its ability to migrate long distances and adapt to diverse environmental conditions. In maize fields, fall armyworm larvae feed voraciously on leaves, tassels, and kernels, causing substantial yield losses if left unchecked. Their feeding activity not only reduces crop yields but also increases vulnerability to secondary infections and reduces the overall quantity and quality of maize produced. Effective management of fall armyworm infestations in maize often requires a multi-pronged approach, integrating cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. Furthermore, the majority of Indian farmers are smallholders who are unable to afford chemical pesticides that are harmful to the environment. This review delves into the emerging landscape of agro-ecological alternatives aimed at mitigating the impact of this destructive pest.